Salt Guidelines for Diabetes Patients Questioned

Researchers are challenging guidelines that urge diabetes patients to cut back on salt in their diet....

In a study that seems to turn conventional wisdom on its head, they found patients with the highest levels of sodium in their urine had the smallest risk of dying over a 10-year period.

Dr. Elif I. Ekinci of the University of Melbourne in Victoria and colleagues write, "Such data call into question universal recommendations that all adults should endeavor to reduce their salt intake."

Although it isn't the first time findings like these have surfaced, the Australian researchers, like others before them, relied on observations only and didn't actually run an experiment to test the direct impact of eating more or less salt.

Instead, they followed 638 people with longstanding Type 2 diabetes, often accompanied by heart disease and high blood pressure. At the outset of the study, all the patients were in their 60s on average and nearly half of them were obese. "These are precisely the patients in whom more aggressive lifestyle interventions are often applied," the researchers note.

All the patients were treated at a single diabetes clinic, and doctors determined the daily amount of sodium in their urine when the study began. The average amount of sodium in their urine, 4.2 grams per day, was in line with earlier global surveys, the researchers say.

Over the decade the study spanned, 175 patients died, mostly due to heart disease.

For every extra 2.3 grams of sodium in their urine, their risk of dying during the study dropped by 28 percent -- even after accounting for kidney disease, age and other factors likely to be important.

"This is unexpected," Dr. Ekinci, who also worked on the study. "It raises the possibility that in people with Type 2 diabetes, low salt intake is not always beneficial."

According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, they should eat no more than 1.5 grams of sodium -- about two-thirds of a teaspoon of salt -- per day.

Most Americans consume more than twice that amount, U.S. government researchers said last year in a study that pointed to foods like pizza, cookies and meats as the main culprits.

At this point, nobody is recommending any change to the current dietary advice, because the new study doesn't prove that extra salt helps diabetics live longer.

The main problem is that the patients who had lower sodium levels in their urine were sicker and older, said Dr. Paul Elliott, who studies the link between diet and high blood pressure at Imperial College London. "Although the authors used statistical models to try to 'correct' for these imbalances, it remains likely that the results are still confounded by them," he said.

That reasoning seems to be bolstered by the finding that higher blood pressure was tied to longer survival in the study, "which just isn't plausible," added Elliott.

"The reality is that reducing sodium has many effects, some good like reducing average blood pressure, and others bad." For instance, reducing sodium increases insulin resistance, which is the main problem in diabetes. It also ups the production of certain other hormones that have been linked to heart disease.

Diabetes Care, online February 2, 2011

Why Are My Feet Swelling?

Q: Is it normal for your feet and ankles to swell, and can anything be done to stop it? I've noticed I begin to swell three days ago. The swelling does go down a little at night when I prop my feet up.

— Angela, Wichita
A:
Fluid retention is very common and the easiest way to diminish the swelling is by lowering your intake of salty foods (chips, fries, olives, fast-food items, etc.) and drinking plenty of water. You could also try wearing elastic stockings (also known as support or compression stockings), which can help stimulate circulation in your legs and stop swelling. If you spend all day on your feet, the stockings are probably your best bet for long-lasting relief.

Another option: Try elevating your feet even a few inches off the ground when you're sitting down. For example, keeping a small ottoman or stepstool under your desk at work and using it to prop your feet up can help reduce the swelling a lot. Finally, mild diuretics can help ease swelling in severe cases, but these are medications that your doctor will need to prescribe. The best idea is to discuss all of these options with your doctor, so the two of you can devise a plan together.